{"ATC Code":"N02BA01","Abbreviation":"ASA","Aliases":["aspirin","2-Acetoxybenzoic acid","2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid","Acetosal","O-Acetylsalicylic acid","o-Acetoxybenzoic acid","Acenterine","Acetophen","Acylpyrin","Easprin"],"Biological Half-Life":"The half-life of ASA in the circulation ranges from 13 - 19 minutes. Blood concentrations drop rapidly after complete absorption. The half-life of the salicylate ranges between 3.5 and 4.5 hours.","Boiling Point":"284 °","CAS":"50-78-2","ChEBI":"CHEBI:15365","ChEMBL":"CHEMBL25","ChemicalClasses":[],"Chirality":"achiral","Color/Form":"Monoclinic tablets or needle-like crystals","Decomposition":"When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes.","Density":"1.4 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e","Drug Classes":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Analgesic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","Drug Indication":"**Pain, fever, and inflammation**  Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), in the regular tablet form (immediate-release), is indicated to relieve pain, fever, and inflammation associated with many conditions, including the flu, the common cold, neck and back pain, dysmenorrhea, headache, tooth pain, sprains, fractures, myositis, neuralgia, synovitis, arthritis, bursitis, burns, and various injuries. It is also used for symptomatic pain relief after surgical and dental procedures.   The _extra strength_ formulation of acetylsalicylic acid is also indicated for the management migraine pain with photophobia (sensitivity to light) and phonophobia (sensitivity to sound).  **Other indications**  ASA is also indicated for various other purposes, due to its ability to inhibit platelet aggregation. These include:   Reducing the risk of cardiovascular death in suspected cases of myocardial infarction (MI).   Reducing the risk of a first non-fatal myocardial infarction in patients, and for reducing the risk of morbidity and mortality in cases of unstable angina and in those who have had a prior myocardial infarction.  For reducing the risk of transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and to prevent atherothrombotic cerebral infarction (in conjunction with other treatments).  For the prevention of thromboembolism after hip replacement surgery.   For decreasing platelet to platelet adhesion following carotid endarterectomy, aiding in the prevention of transient ischemic attacks (TIA).  Used for patients undergoing hemodialysis with a silicone rubber arteriovenous cannula inserted to prevent thrombosis at the insertion site.   **Important note regarding use of the extended-release formulation**  In the setting of acute myocardial infarction, or before percutaneous interventions, the extended-release form of acetylsalicylic acid should not be used. Use immediate-release formulations in scenarios requiring rapid onset of action. The extended-release form is taken to decrease the incidence of mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) for individuals diagnosed with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), including patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) or unstable angina or with chronic stable angina. Additionally, the extended-release form is used to decrease the risk of death and recurrent episodes of stroke in patients with a history of stroke or TIA.","Drug Warnings":"Aspirin use may be associated with the development of Reye's syndrome in children and teenagers with acute febrile illnesses, especially influenza and varicella. It is recommended that salicylate therapy not be initiated in febrile pediatric or adolescent patients until after the presence of such an illness has been ruled out. Also, it is recommended that chronic salicylate therapy in these patients be discontinued if a fever occurs, and not resumed until it has been determined that an illness that may predispose to Reye's syndrome is not present or has run its course. Other forms of salicylate toxicity may also be more prevalent in pediatric patients, especially children who have a fever or are dehydrated.","DrugClasses":[],"EINECS":"200-064-1","European Community (EC) Number":"200-064-1","FDA Pharmacological Classification":"R16CO5Y76E","Flash Point":"482 °F (NTP, 1992)","Human Drugs":"Breast Feeding; Lactation; Milk, Human; Analgesic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors","IUPACName":"2-acetyloxybenzoic acid","Impurities":["salsalate","4-hydroxybenzoic acid","salicylic acid","4-hydroxyisophthalic acid","tambjamine f","aspirin anhydride","acetylsalicylsalicylic acid"],"InChI":"InChI=1S/C9H8O4/c1-6(10)13-8-5-3-2-4-7(8)9(11)12/h2-5H,1H3,(H,11,12)","InChIKey":"BSYNRYMUTXBXSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N","MeSH Pharmacological Classification":"Drugs that are used to reduce body temperature in fever. (See all compounds classified as Antipyretics.)","Melting Point":"275 °","MolecularFormula":"C\u003csub\u003e9\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e","MolecularWeight":"180.16 g/mol","Odor":"Odorless, but in moist air it is gradually hydrolyzed and acquires odor of acetic acid","Pharmacodynamics":"**Effects on pain and fever**  Acetylsalicylic acid disrupts the production of prostaglandins throughout the body by targeting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Prostaglandins are potent, irritating substances that have been shown to cause headaches and pain upon injection into humans.  Prostaglandins increase the sensitivity of pain receptors and substances such as histamine and bradykinin. Through the disruption of the production and prevention of release of prostaglandins in inflammation, this drug may stop their action at pain receptors, preventing symptoms of pain. Acetylsalicylic acid is considered an antipyretic agent because of its ability to interfere with the production of brain prostaglandin E1. Prostaglandin E1 is known to be an extremely powerful fever-inducing agent.   **Effects on platelet aggregation**  The inhibition of platelet aggregation by ASA occurs because of its interference with thromboxane A2 in platelets, caused by COX-1 inhibition. Thromboxane A2 is an important lipid responsible for platelet aggregation, which can lead to clot formation and future risk of heart attack or stroke.   **A note on cancer prevention**  ASA has been studied in recent years to determine its effect on the prevention of various malignancies. In general, acetylsalicylic acid is involved in the interference of various cancer signaling pathways, sometimes inducing or upregulating tumor suppressor genes. Results of various studies suggest that there are beneficial effects of long-term ASA use in the prevention of several types of cancer, including stomach, colorectal, pancreatic, and liver cancers.   Research is ongoing.","Physical Description":"Acetylsalicylic acid appears as odorless white crystals or crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992)","PubChemId":2244,"Record Description":["Aspirin can cause developmental toxicity and female reproductive toxicity according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.","Acetylsalicylic acid appears as odorless white crystals or crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992)","Acetylsalicylic acid is a member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, an antipyretic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a prostaglandin antagonist, a teratogenic agent, an anticoagulant, a plant activator, an EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor, a drug allergen and a geroprotector. It is a member of benzoic acids, a member of salicylates and a member of phenyl acetates. It is functionally related to a salicylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an acetylsalicylate.","Also known as Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of pain and fever due to various causes. Acetylsalicylic acid has both anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects.  This drug also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of blood clots stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI).    Interestingly, the results of various studies have demonstrated that long-term use of acetylsalicylic acid may decrease the risk of various cancers, including colorectal, esophageal, breast, lung, prostate, liver and skin cancer. Aspirin is classified as a non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor and is available in many doses and forms, including chewable tablets, suppositories, extended release formulations, and others.   Acetylsalicylic acid is a very common cause of accidental poisoning in young children. It should be kept out of reach from young children, toddlers, and infants.","Aspirin is a Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug and Platelet Aggregation Inhibitor. The mechanism of action of aspirin is as a Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor. The physiologic effect of aspirin is by means of Decreased Prostaglandin Production and Decreased Platelet Aggregation.","Aspirin or acetylsalicylic acid is perhaps the most commonly used analgesic and antipyretic medication worldwide, having been in clinical use for over 100 years. Aspirin can cause several forms of liver injury: in high doses, aspirin can cause moderate to marked serum aminotransferase elevations occasionally with jaundice or signs of liver dysfunction, and in lower doses in susceptible children with a febrile illness aspirin can lead to Reye syndrome.","Aspirin has been reported in Brassica napus, Ixora coccinea, and Glycyrrhiza glabra with data available.","Aspirin is an orally administered non-steroidal antiinflammatory agent. Acetylsalicylic acid binds to and acetylates serine residues in cyclooxygenases, resulting in decreased synthesis of prostaglandin, platelet aggregation, and inflammation. This agent exhibits analgesic, antipyretic, and anticoagulant properties.","ASPIRIN is a small molecule drug with a maximum clinical trial phase of IV (across all indications) that was first approved in 1950 and has 19 approved and 143 investigational indications.","Acetylsalicylic acid (acetosal) or aspirin is only found in individuals who have consumed this drug. Acetylsalicylic acid is a drug in the family of salicylates, often used as an analgesic (against minor pains and aches), antipyretic (against fever), and anti-inflammatory. It has also an anticoagulant effect and is used in long-term low-doses to prevent heart attacks and cancer. It was isolated from meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria, formerly classified as Spiraea ulmaria) by German researchers in 1839. While their extract was somewhat effective, it also caused digestive problems such as irritated stomach and diarrhoea, and even death when consumed in high doses. In 1853, a French chemist named Charles Frederic Gerhardt neutralized salicylic acid by buffering it with sodium (sodium salicylate) and acetyl chloride, creating acetosalicylic anhydride. Gerhardt's product worked, but he had no desire to market it and abandoned his discovery. In 1897, researcher Arthur Eichengrun and Felix Hoffmann, a research assistant at Friedrich Bayer \u0026 Co. in Germany, derivatized one of the hydroxyl functional groups in salicylic acid with an acetyl group (forming the acetyl ester), which greatly reduced the negative effects. This was the first synthetic drug, not a copy of something that existed in nature, and the start of the pharmaceuticals industry. The name 'aspirin' is composed of a- (from the acetyl group) -spir- (from the plant genus Spiraea) and -in (a common ending for drugs at the time). It has also been stated that the name originated by another means. As referring to AcetylSalicylic and 'pir' in reference to one of the scientists who was able to isolate it in crystalline form, Raffaele Piria. Finally 'in' due to the same reasons as stated above. Salicylic acid (which is a naturally occurring substance found in many plants) can be acetylated using acetic anhydride, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. It is a common experiment performed in organic chemistry labs, and generally tends to produce low yields due to the relative difficulty of its extraction from an aqueous state. The trick to getting the reaction to work is to acidify with phosphoric acid and heat the reagents under reflux with a boiling water bath for between 40 minutes and an hour. Aspirin acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5).","The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5)","See also: Carbaspirin Calcium (is active moiety of); Aspirin dl-lysine (is active moiety of); Aspirin Aluminum (is active moiety of) ... View More ...","Aspirin can cause developmental toxicity and female reproductive toxicity according to an independent committee of scientific and health experts.","Acetylsalicylic acid is a member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. It has a role as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a platelet aggregation inhibitor, an antipyretic, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, a cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor, a prostaglandin antagonist, a teratogenic agent, an anticoagulant, a plant activator, an EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor, a drug allergen and a geroprotector. It is a member of benzoic acids, a member of salicylates and a member of phenyl acetates. It is functionally related to a salicylic acid. It is a conjugate acid of an acetylsalicylate.","LiverTox|Analgesic|Mild-Moderate Pain|Salicylate"],"References":[{"name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirin"},{"name":"Wikidata","url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18216"},{"name":"DrugBank","url":"https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB00945"},{"name":"PubChem","url":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/2244"},{"name":"ChemSpider","url":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.2157.html"},{"name":"ChEMBL","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/CHEMBL25"},{"name":"ChEBI","url":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:15365"},{"name":"Common Chemistry","url":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-78-2"},{"name":"HMDB","url":"https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0001879"},{"name":"KEGG","url":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C01405"},{"name":"UNII","url":"https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/ui/substances/R16CO5Y76E"},{"name":"EPA DSSTox","url":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID5020108"}],"Reported Fatal Dose":"The lethal dose of aspirin for an adult is probably in the region of 25 to 30 g but recovery has been achieved by appropriate treatment after the ingestion of twice or thrice this amount.","SMILES":"CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)O","Salts":["salicylate"],"Solubility":"less than 1 mg/mL at 73 °F (NTP, 1992)","Stability/Shelf Life":"STABLE IN DRY AIR; IN MOIST AIR IT IS GRADUALLY HYDROLYZED INTO SALICYLIC AND ACETIC ACIDS","StructureBase64":"<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" height="57.478mm" version="1.2" viewBox="0 0 74.16 57.478" width="74.16mm">
      
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